Wen-Nuan Kara Cheng *, Lew Hardy ** and David Markland **
(*) Taipei Physical Education College*, Taipei, Taiwan
(**) Bangor University, Bangor, UK
This article presents cross-cultural validation of a three-dimensional measurement model of performance anxiety proposed recently (Cheng, Hardy, &Markland, 2009). This re-conceptualization of performance anxiety emphasizes the adaptive capacity involved in the dynamics of anxiety by including a regulatory dimension, in addition to the conventional intensity-oriented dimensions of cognitive and physiological anxiety. Specifically, this regulatory dimension of anxiety is represented by perceived control. The cognitive dimension is characterized by worry and self-focused attention, and the physiological dimension includes autonomic hyperactivity and somatic tension. The measure of performance anxiety was developed in Chinese based on the proposed conceptualization and its accordant anxiety measure previously established in English (Cheng et al., 2009). The factor structure of the measurement model was examined by confirmatory factor analysis through three samples (N = 203, 450, 236) of Taiwanese sports participants. Consistent with the previous English study, model fit indices indicated support for the three-dimensional first-order model. The factorial validity of the three-dimensional model has been strengthened via this cross-cultural confirmation, and the Chinese three-factor anxiety inventory will facilitate anxiety research and the further development of the model in the Chinese-speaking societies.
Keywords: Adaptive potential of anxiety, Perceived control, Regulatory dimension of anxiety, Three-Factor Anxiaty Inventory
Bradleyw. Young *, Matthew E. Piamonte *, J. Robert Grove ** and Nikola Medic ***
(*) University of Ottawa Ottawa, Canada
(**) The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
(***) Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
Using the Sport Commitment Model (SCM; Scanlan et al., 2003; Wilson et al., 2004) as a conceptual framework, we surveyed 190 international-level Masters swimmers (91 m, 99 f; M age = 51.9 yrs; range = 26-80) on two occasions, one year apart. We used repeated measures ANOVAs (Analysis 1) and hierarchical regression analyses (Analysis 2) to examine which SCM determinants predicted changes in functional commitment (FC) and obligatory commitment (OC) for all swimmers, and as a function of age. Analysis 1 revealed that groups increasing in enjoyment/ satisfaction, personal investments, and involvement opportunities had increased FC, while groups decreasing in enjoyment/satisfaction had decreased FC (ps < .01). Analysis 2 demonstrated that FC was predicted by enjoyment/ satisfaction (B = .76, p < .05), and that age moderated the determinant relationships for personal investments (.01), involvement opportunities (-.03) and social constraints (.02), Adj R2 = .39, p < .001). Analysis 2 also showed that social support (B = -.37, p < .05), personal investments (.32) and involvement alternatives (.17) predicted OC irrespective of age, Adj R2 = .14, p < .001.
Keywords: Enjoyment, Masters athletes, Sport commitment, Swimming
Ingegerd Ericsson * and Magnus K. Karlsson **
(*) School of Teacher Education Department of Sport Sciences, Malmö University, Sweden
(**) Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden Department of Orthopaedics, Malmö Clinical and Molecular Osteoporosis Research Unit, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden
OBJECTIVE: The aim was to study effects on motor skills and self-esteem of an extension of the Swedish school subject Physical Education and Health (PEH) and motor training during nine school years. DESIGN AND METHOD: An intervention group (n=161) had PEH and motor training five lessons (225 min) and a matched control group (n=102) had regular PEH two lessons (90 min) per week. The method was hypothetico-deductive. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The hypothesis that students’ motor skills improve with extended physical activity and motor training was confirmed. The school has good potential in stimulating all students’ development of motor skills, but two lessons of PEH per week are not enough. Significant correlations were found between motor skills and self-esteem overall and the components friendship/ sports efficacy and attention/learning efficacy. Differences in self-esteem between students with good motor skills and students with deficits may decrease with extended physical activity and motor training in school.
Keywords: Compulsory school, Education, MUGI motor training, MUGI observation checklist, Physical Education and health, Pupils
Judy J. Frith *, John H. Kerr ** and George V.wilson *
(*) University of Tasmania, Australia
(**) University of British Columbia, Canada
The aim of this field study was to examine pre- to post-exercise changes in emotions and stress and differences between three exercise activities using a preand post-exercise activity repeated measures design. Volunteer participants (N=93) engaged in aerobics, circuit training, or Tai Chi were tested at exercise locations using the Tension and Effort Stress Inventory (TESI) and a Visual Analogue Scale for hedonic tone. All three activities produced significant reductions in anxiety, anger, sullenness, resentment and tension stress, and a significant increase in hedonic tone. There were no significant differences in the effects of different types of exercise on emotions or stress, apart from circuit trainers scoring higher on provocativeness than Tai Chi participants. Despite the type of exercise performed, activity produced the same immediate benefits in emotional state, in stress reduction, and improved hedonic tone. The improvement in hedonic tone was due solely to significant decreases in unpleasant emotions.
Keywords: Emotion, Sport, Stress
Martina Kanning and Wolfgang Schlicht
Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Germany
There exists convincing evidence that physical activity (PA) helps older people stay healthy. Nevertheless, many older people remain inactive. Interventions can enhance PA, but they focus mainly on social-cognitive determinants and often neglect environmental influences. In this cross-sectional study, we examined the association between individual and environmental factors and PA. We asked 592 people between 50 and 60 years old about intra-individual and extra-individual factors, their lifetime sports behavior and their current volume of PA. Structural equation modeling revealed an acceptable model-fit (RMSEA = .03; SRMR = .05; CFI = .95). The model showed that lifetime sports behavior was most strongly associated with PA (β = .27), followed by intra-individual (β = .22) and extra-individual (β = .10) factors. We also explored moderators via two-step cluster analyses. These findings illustrated that lifestyle and place of residence primarily moderated the associations. Interventions intended to enhance the PA of older people should include both intra-individual and extra-individual factors, and it may be helpful to support these people when they are younger. Additionally, they should be targeted by lifestyle and place of residence.
Keywords: Physical activity, Physical environment, Social-cognitive determinants, Socio-cultural environment